Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice

Register      Login

VOLUME 9 , ISSUE 2 ( May-August, 2015 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Surgery on the Trabecular Meshwork: Histopathological Evidence

Parul Ichhpujani, Tarek Shaarawy

Keywords : Aqueous outflow and resistance, Histopathological basis of glaucoma surgery, Outflow facility, Trabecular meshwork

Citation Information : Ichhpujani P, Shaarawy T. Surgery on the Trabecular Meshwork: Histopathological Evidence. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2015; 9 (2):51-61.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10008-1184

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-04-2019

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2015; The Author(s).


Abstract

Juxtacanalicular (JXT) trabecular meshwork and endothelial lining of Schlemm's canal have been cited as the loci of aqueous outflow resistance, both in a normal as well as a glaucomatous eye. In this review, we attempt to understand the currently available surgical modalities in light of the available histopathological evidence, regarding localization of outflow resistance.


PDF Share
  1. Goldschmidt CR, Ticho U. Theoretical approach to laser trabeculotomy. Med Phys 1978 Mar-Apr;5(2):92-99.
  2. Grant WM. Further studies on facility of flow through the trabecular meshwork. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1958 Oct;60 (4 part I):523-533.
  3. Krasnov MM. Q-switched laser goniopuncture. Arch Ophthalmol 1974 Jul;92(1):37-41.
  4. Moller PM. Goniotomy and congenital glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1977 Jun;55(3):436-442.
  5. Tanihara H, Negi A, Akimoto M, Terauchi H, Okudaira A, Kozaki J, Takeuchi A, Nagata M. Surgical effects of trabeculotomy ab externo on adults eyes with primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1993 Dec;111(12):1653-1661.
  6. Schwartz AL, Anderson DR. Trabecular surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 1974 Aug;92(2):134-138.
  7. Grehn F. The value of trabeculotomy in glaucoma surgery. Curr Opinion Ophthalmol 1995 Apr;6(2):52-60.
  8. Robin AL, Pollack IP. Q-switched neodymium-YAG laser angle surgery in open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1985 Jun;103(6):793-795.
  9. Grant WM. Experimental aqueous perfusion in enucleated human eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1963 Jun;69:783-801.
  10. Barkan O. Operation for congenital glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1942;25(5):552-568.
  11. Goel M, RG Picciani, Lee RK, Bhattacharya SK. Aqueous Humor Dynamics: A Review. Open Ophthalmol J 2010 Sep 3;4:52-59.
  12. Van Buskirk, ME.; Harris, LM.; Wallace, P. Ito J. Clinical Atlas of Glaucoma. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1986.
  13. Flocks M. The anatomy of the trabecular meshwork as seen in tangential section. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1956 Nov;56(5):708-718.
  14. Ashton N, Brini A, Smith R. Anatomical studies of the trabecular meshwork of the normal human eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1956 May;40(5):257-282.
  15. Fine BS. Structure of the trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1966 Sep-Oct;70(5):777-790.
  16. Gong HY, Trinkaus-Randall V, Freddo TF. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of elastin in normal human trabecular meshwork. Curr Eye Res 1989 Oct;8(10):1071-1082.
  17. Fine BS. Observations on the drainage angle in man and rhesus monkey: a concept of the pathogenesis of chronic simple glaucoma: a light and electron microscopic study. Invest Ophthalmol 1964 Dec;3:609-646.
  18. Ethier CR, Kamm RD, Palaszewski BA, Johnson MC, Richardson TM. Calculations of flow resistance in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986 Dec; 27(12):1741-1750.
  19. Johnson DH, Johnson M. Glaucoma Surgery and Aqueous Outflow. How does nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery work? Arch Ophthalmol 2002 Jan;120(1):67-70.
  20. Johnson DH, Johnson M. How does nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery work? Aqueous outflow resistance and glaucoma surgery. J Glaucoma 2001 Feb;10(1):55-67.
  21. Tripathi RC. Ultrastructure of Schlemm's canal in relation to aqueous outflow. Exp Eye Res 1968 Jul;7(3):335-341.
  22. Ethier CR, Coloma FM, Sit AJ, Johnson M. Two pore types in the inner-wall endothelium of Schlemm's canal. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998 Oct;39(11):2041-2048.
  23. Bill A, Svedbergh B. Scanning electron microscopic studies of the trabecular meshwork and the canal of Schlemm: an attempt to localize the main resistance to outflow of aqueous humor in man. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1972;50(3):295-320.
  24. Lee WR, Grierson L. Pressure effects on the endothelium of the trabecular wall of Schlemm's canal: a study by scanning electron microscopy. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 1975 Sep;196(3):255-265.
  25. Johnstone MA, Grant WM. Pressure-dependent changes in structures of the aqueous outflow system of human and monkey eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1973 Mar;75(3):365-383.
  26. Johnson MC, Kamm RD. The role of Schlemm's canal in aqueous outflow from the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983 Mar;24(3):320-325.
  27. Hogan MJ, Alavarado JA, Weddell E. Cornea: the Limbus. In: Histology of the human eye: An atlas and textbook. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1971. p. 55-182.
  28. Gong H, Tripathi RC, Tripathi BJ. Morphology of the aqueous outflow pathway. Microsc Res Tech 1996 Mar 1;33(4):336-367.
  29. Nilsson SF. The uveoscleral outflow routes. Eye (Lond) 1997;11(Pt 2):149-154.
  30. Kupfer C, Gaasterland D, Ross K. Studies of aqueous humor dynamics in man. II. Measurements in young normal subjects using acetazolamide and L-epinephrine. Invest Ophthalmol 1971 Jul;10(7):523-533.
  31. Kupfer C, Ross K. Studies of aqueous humor dynamics in man. I. Measurements in young normal subjects. Invest Ophthalmol 1971 Jul;10(7):518-522.
  32. Fautsch MP, Johnson DH. Aqueous Humor Outflow: What Do We Know? Where Will It Lead Us? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006 Oct;47(10):4181-4187.
  33. Bill A. The Ocular Effects of Prostaglandins and Other eicosanoids. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989;312:417-427.
  34. Johnson, M; Erickson, K. Mechanisms and routes of aqueous humor drainage. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, editors. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Vol. 4. Saunders; Philadelphia: 2000. pp. 2577-2595. Chapter 193B, Glaucoma.
  35. Bill A. The aqueous humor drainage mechanism in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca irus) with evidence for unconventional routes. Invest Ophthalmol 1965 Oct;4(5):911-919.
  36. Crawford K, Kaufman PL. Pilocarpine antagonizes prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced ocular hypotension in monkeys. Evidence for enhancement of uveoscleral outflow by prostaglandin F2 alpha. Arch Ophthalmol 1987 Aug;105(8): 1112-1116.
  37. Gabelt BT, Kaufman PL. Prostaglandin F2 alpha increases uveoscleral outflow in the cynomolgus monkey. Exp Eye Res 1989 Sep;49(3):389-402.
  38. Lutjen-Drecoll E, Tamm E. Morphological study of the anterior segment of cynomolgus monkey eyes following treatment with prostaglandin F2 alpha. Exp Eye Res 1988 Nov;47(5):761-769.
  39. Bill A, Phillips CI. Uveoscleral drainage of aqueous humour in human eyes. Exp Eye Res 1971 Nov;12(3):275-281.
  40. Alm A, Nilsson SF. Uveoscleral outflow—a review. Exp Eye Res 2009 Apr;88(4):760-768.
  41. Bill A. The drainage of aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol 1975 Jan;14(1):1-3.
  42. Maepea O, Bill A. The pressures in the episcleral veins, Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork in monkeys: effects of changes in intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 1989 Oct;49(4):645-663.
  43. Maepea O, Bill A. Pressures in the juxtacanalicular tissue and Schlemm's canal in monkeys. Exp Eye Res 1992 Jun;54(6): 879-883.
  44. Moses RA, Grodzki WJ, Etheridge EL, Wilson CD. Schlemm's canal: the effect of intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981 Jan;20(1):61-68.
  45. Pederson JE, Gaasterland DE, MacLellan HM. Uveoscleral aqueous outflow in the rhesus monkey: importance of uveal reabsorption. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977 Nov;16(11): 1008-1017.
  46. Seiler T, Wollensak J. The resistance of the trabecular meshwork to aqueous humor outflow. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1985;223(2):88-91.
  47. Rosenquist R, Epstein D, Melamed S, Johnson M, Grant WM. Outflow resistance of enucleated human eyes at two different perfusion pressures and different extents of trabeculotomy. Curr Eye Res 1989 Dec;8(12):1233-1240.
  48. Lachkar Y, Hamard P. Nonpenetrating filtering surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002 Apr;13(2):110-115.
  49. Ethier CR, Kamm RD, Palaszewski BA, Johnson MC, Richardson TM. Calculations of flow resistance in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986 Dec; 27(12):1741-1750.
  50. Holmberg A. The fine structure of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1959 Dec;62(6):956-958.
  51. Holmberg AS. Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork: an electron microscopic study of the normal structure in man and monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). Doc Ophthalmol 1965 Jan;19(1):339-373.
  52. Inomata H, Bill A, Smelser GK. Aqueous humor pathways through the trabecular meshwork and into Schlemm's canal in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca irus): an electron microscopic study. Am J Ophthalmol 1972 May;73(5):760-789.
  53. Tripathi RC. Mechanism of the aqueous outflow across the trabecular wall of Schlemm's canal. Exp Eye Res 1971 Jan;11(1):116-121.
  54. Rhee DJ, Haddadin RI, Kang MH, Oh DJ. Matricellular proteins in the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 2009 Apr;88(4):694-703.
  55. Epstein DL, Freddo TF, Bassett-Chu S, Chung M, Karageuzian L. Influence of ethacrynic acid on outflow facility in the monkey and calf eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987 Dec;28(12):2067-2075.
  56. Epstein DL, Rohen JW. Morphology of the trabecular meshwork and inner wall endothelium after cationized ferritin perfusion in the monkey eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991 Jan;32(1):160-171.
  57. Schroeder A, Erickson-Lamy K, Epstein DL. Ethacrynic acid induced changes in cytoskeletal tubulin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989;30(3 Suppl):356.
  58. Aihara M, Lindsey JD, Weinreb RN. Ocular hypertension in mice with a targeted type I collagen mutation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Apr;44(4):1581-1585.
  59. Barany EH, Scotchbrook S. Influence of testicular hyaluronidase on the resistance to flow through the angle of the anterior chamber. Acta Physiol Scand 1954;30(2-3):240-248.
  60. Barany EH, Woodin AM. Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase in the aqueous humour and the angle of the anterior chamber. Acta Physiol Scand 1955;33(2-3):257-290.
  61. Bradley JM, Vranka J, Colvis CM, Conger DM, Alexander JP, Fisk AS, Samples JR, Acott TS. Effect of matrix metalloproteinases activity on outflow in perfused human organ culture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998 Dec;39(13):2649-2658.
  62. Gum GG, Samuelson DA, Gelatt KN. Effect of hyaluronidase on aqueous outflow resistance in normotensive and glaucomatous eyes of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1992 May;53:767-770.
  63. Knepper PA, Farbman AI, Telser AG. Exogenous hyaluronidases and degradation of hyaluronic acid in the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984 Mar;25(3):286-293.
  64. Pang IH, Fleenor DL, Hellberg PE, Stropki K, McCartney MD, Clark AF. Aqueous outflow-enhancing effect of tertbutylhydroquinone: involvement of AP-1 activation and MMP-3 expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003 Aug;44(8): 3502-3510.
  65. Anthony TL, Lindsey JD, Weinreb RN. Latanoprost's effects on TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression in human ciliary muscle cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002 Dec;43(12):3705-3711.
  66. El-Shabrawi Y, Eckhardt M, Berghold A, Faulborn J, Auboeck L, Mangge H, Ardjomand N. Synthesis pattern of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibitors (TIMPs) in human explant organ cultures after treatment with latanoprost and dexamethasone. Eye (Lond) 2000 Jun;14(Pt 3A):375-383.
  67. Lindsey JD, Kashiwagi K, Boyle D, Kashiwagi F, Firestein GS, Weinreb RN. Prostaglandins increase proMMP-1 and proMMP-3 secretion by human ciliary smooth muscle cells. Curr Eye Res 1996 Aug;15(8):869-875.
  68. Lutjen-Drecoll E, Wiendl H, Kaufman PL. Acute and chronic structural effects of pilocarpine on monkey outflow tissues. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1998;96:171-191.
  69. Nilsson SF. The uveoscleral outflow routes. Eye (Lond) 1997;11(Pt 2):149-154.
  70. Crawford K, Kaufman PL. Pilocarpine antagonizes prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced ocular hypotension in monkeys. Evidence for enhancement of uveoscleral outflow by prostaglandin F2 alpha. Arch Ophthalmol 1987 Aug;105(8):1112-1116.
  71. Toris CB, Zhan GL, Zhao J, Camras CB, Yablonski ME. Potential mechanism for the additivity of pilocarpine and latanoprost. Am J Ophthalmol 2001 Jun;131(6):722-728.
  72. Barany EH. The mode of action of miotics on outflow resistance. A Study of pilocarpine in the vervet monkey Cercopithecus ethiops. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1966;86:539-578.
  73. Armaly MF. Studies on intraocular effects of the orbital parasympathetic pathway. III. Effect on steady-state dynamics. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1959 Nov;62(5):817-827.
  74. Armaly MF. Studies on intraocular effects of the orbital parasympathetics pathway. II. Effect on intraocular pressure. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1959 Jul;62(1):117-124.
  75. Armaly MF. Studies on intraocular effects of the orbital parasympathetic pathway. I. Technique and effects on morphology. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1959 Jan;61(1):14-29.
  76. Armaly MF, Burian HM. Changes in the tonogram during accommodation. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1958 Jul;60(1): 60-69.
  77. Barany E, Christensen RE. Cycloplegia and outflow resistance in normal human and monkey eyes and in primary openangle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 1967 Jun;77(6):757-760.
  78. Grierson I, Lee WR. Pressure-induced changes in the ultrastructure of the endothelium lining Schlemm's canal. Am J Ophthalmol 1975 Nov;80(5):863-884.
  79. Grierson I, Lee WR. Junctions between the cells of the trabecular meshwork. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 1974;192(2):89-104.
  80. Grierson I, Lee WR. The fine structure of the trabecular meshwork at graded levels of intraocular pressure. (1) Pressure effects within the near-physiological range (8-30 mm Hg). Exp Eye Res 1975 Jun;20(6):505-521.
  81. Brubaker, RF. Measurement of aqueous flow by fluorophotometry. In: Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T, editors. The Glaucomas. St. Louis: Mosby; 1989. pp. 337–44.
  82. Labbé A, Dupas B, Hamard P, Baudouin C. In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study of Blebs after Filtering Surgery. Ophthalmology 2005 Nov;112(11):1979e1-1979e9.
  83. Cairns JE. Trabeculectomy. Preliminary report of a new method. Am J Ophthalmol 1968 Oct;66(4):673-679.
  84. Mills KB. Trabeculectomy: a retrospective long-term followup of 444 cases. Br J Ophthalmol 1981 Nov;65(11):790-795.
  85. Picht G, Grehn F. Classification of filtering blebs in trabeculectomy: biomicroscopy and functionality. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1998 Apr;9(2):2-8.
  86. Picht G, Grehn F. Development of the filtering bleb after trabeculectomy. Classification, histopathology, wound healing process. Ophthalmologe 1998 May;95(5):W380-W387. (Ger).
  87. Hamard P, Blondin C, Debbasch C, Warnet JM, Baudouin C, Brignole F. In vitro effects of preserved and unpreserved antiglaucoma drugs on apoptotic marker expression by human trabecular cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003 Dec;241(12):1037-1043.
  88. Alvarado J, Murphy C, Polansky J, Juster R. Age-related changes in trabecular meshwork cellularity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981 Nov;21(5):714-727.
  89. Alvarado J, Murphy C, Juster R. Trabecular meshwork cellularity in primary open-angle glaucoma and nonglaucomatous normals. Ophthalmology 1984 Jun;91(6):564-579.
  90. Grierson I. What is open angle glaucoma? Eye (Lond) 1987;1 (Pt 1):15-28.
  91. Grierson I, Howes RC. Age related depletion of the cell population in the human trabecular meshwork. Eye (Lond) 1987;1(Pt 2):204-210.
  92. Hamard P, Valtot F, Sourdille P, Bourles-Dagonet F, Baudouin C. Confocal microscopic examination of trabecular meshwork removed during ab externo trabeculectomy. Br J Ophthalmol 2002 Sep;86(9):1046-1052.
  93. Rohen JW, Lutjen-Drecoll E, Flugel C, Meyer M, Grierson I. Ultrastructure of the trabecular meshwork in untreated cases of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Exp Eye Res 1993 Jun;56(6):683-692.
  94. Johnson DH, Richardson TM, Epstein DL. Trabecular meshwork recovery after phagocytic challenge. Curr Eye Res 1989 Nov;8(11):1121-1130.
  95. Zhou L, Fukuchi T, Kawa JE, Higginbotham EJ, Yue BY. Loss of cell-matrix cohesiveness after phagocytosis by trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995 Apr;36(5): 787-795.
  96. Zhou L, Li Y, Yue BY. Alteration of cytoskeletal structure, integrin distribution, and migratory activity by phagocytic challenge in cells from an ocular tissue—the trabecular meshwork. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1999 Mar;35(3): 144-149.
  97. Lütgen-Drecoll E, Rohen JW. Morphology of aqueous outflow pathways in normal and glaucomatous eyes. In: Ritch R, Shields MB, Krupin T, editors. The Glaucomas. Mosby-Year Book, Inc; St. Louis: 1996. pp. 89-124.
  98. Potau JM, Canals M, Costa J, Merindano MD, Ruano D. Morphological alterations of the trabecular meshwork in primary open angle glaucoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2000 Mar;75(3):159-164.
  99. Lutjen-Drecoll E. Morphological changes in glaucomatous eyes and the role of TGF beta 2 for the pathogenesis of the disease. Exp Eye Res 2005 Jul;81(1):1-4.
  100. Rohen JW, Futa R, Lütjen-Drecoll E. The fine structure of the cribriform meshwork in normal and glaucomatous eyes as seen in tangential sections. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981 Oct;21(4):574-585.
  101. Potau JM, Canals M, Costa J, Merindano MD, Ruano D. Morphological alterations of the trabecular meshwork in primary open angle glaucoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2000 Mar;75(3):159-164.
  102. Lutjen-Drecoll E. Morphological changes in glaucomatous eyes and the role of TGF-beta 2 for the pathogenesis of the disease. Exp Eye Res 2005 Jul;81(1):1-4.
  103. Knepper PA, Goossens W, Palmberg PF. Glycosaminoglycan stratification of the juxtacanalicular tissue in normal and primary open-angle glaucoma. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996 Nov;37(12):2414-2425.
  104. Fautsch, Johnson DH. Aqueous Humor Outflow: What Do We Know? Where Will It Lead Us? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006 Oct;47(10):4181-4187.
  105. Knepper PA, Goossens W, Hvizd M, Palmberg PF. Glycosaminoglycans of the human trabecular meshwork in primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996 Jun;37(7):1360-1367.
  106. Bhattacharya SK, Rockwood EJ, Smith SD, Bonilha VL, Crabb JS, Kuchtey RW, Robertson NG, Peachey NS, Morton CC, Crabb JW. Proteomics reveal Cochlin deposits associated with glaucomatous trabecular meshwork. J Biol Chem 2005 Feb;280(7):6080-6084.
  107. Dan J, Belyea D, Gertner G, Leshem I, Lusky M, Miskin R. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the aqueous humor of patients with and without glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2005 Feb;123(2):220-224.
  108. Hu DN, Ritch R, Liebmann J, Liu Y, Cheng B, Hu MS. Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in aqueous humor of glaucomatous eyes. J Glaucoma 2002 Oct;11(5):406-410.
  109. Knepper PA, Mayanil CS, Goossens W, Wertz RD, Holgren C, Ritch R, Allingham RR. Aqueous humor in primary openangle glaucoma contains an increased level of CD44S. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002 Janb;43(1):133-139.
  110. Tripathi RC, Li J, Chan WF, Tripathi BJ. Aqueous humor in glaucomatous eyes contains an increased level of TGF-beta 2. Exp Eye Res 1994 Dec;59(6):723-727.
  111. Tezel G, Kass MA, Kolker AE, Becker B, Wax MB. Plasma and aqueous humor endothelin levels in primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 1997 Apr;6(2):83-89.
  112. Gottanka J, Chan D, Eichhorn M, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Ethier CR. Effects of TGF-beta2 in perfused human eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004 Jan;45(1):153-158.
  113. Brubaker RF. The effect of intraocular pressure on conventional outflow resistance in the enucleated human eye. Invest Ophthalmol 1975;14(4):286-292.
  114. Smith R. A new technique for opening the canal of Schlemm. Preliminary Report. Br J Ophthalmol 1960 Jun;44(6):370-373.
  115. Harms H, Dannheim R. Trabeculotomy—results and problems. Bibl Ophthalmol 1970;81:121-131.
  116. Krasnov MM. Externalisation of Schlemm's canal (sinusotomy) in glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1968 Feb;52(2):157-161.
  117. Gillies WE. Trabeculotomy with fistulisation. A preliminary report of a modified trabeculotomy. Clin Exp Opthalmol 1976 Oct;4(3):152-154.
  118. Cairns JE. Trabeculectomy. Preliminary report of a new method. Am J Ophthalmol 1968 Oct;66(4):673-679.
  119. Rossier A, Uffer S, Mermoud A. Aqueous Dynamics in Experimental ab externo Trabeculectomy. Ophthalmic Res 2000 Jul-Aug;32(4):165-171.
  120. McEwen WK. Application of Poiseuille's law to aqueous outflow. AMA Arch Ophthalmol 1958 Aug;60(2):290-294.
  121. The AGFID project team. Experimental flow studies in glaucoma drainage device development. Br J Ophthalmol 2001 Oct;85(10):1231-1236.
  122. Jacobi P, Dietlein T, Colling T, Krieglstein GK. Photoablative laser-grid trabeculectomy in glaucoma filtering surgery: histology and outflow facility measurements in porcine cadaver eyes. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 2000 Jan-Feb;31(1):49-54.
  123. Shaarawy T, Wu R, Mermoud A, Flammer J, Haefliger IO. Influence of non-penetrating glaucoma surgery on aqueous outflow facility in isolated porcine eyes. Br J Ophthalmol 2004 Jul;88(7):950-952.
  124. Minckler DS, Francis BA, Hodapp EA, Jampel HD, Lin SC, Samples JR, Smith SD, Singh K. Aqueous Shunts in Glaucoma. A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2008 Jun;115(6):1089-1098.
  125. Minckler DS, Shammas A, Wilcox M, Ogden TE. Experimental studies of aqueous filtration using the Molteno implant. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1987;85:368-392.
  126. Prata JA Jr, Mermoud A, LaBree L, Minckler DS. In vitro and in vivo flow characteristics of glaucoma drainage implants. Ophthalmology 1995 Jun;102(6):894-904.
  127. Lachkar Y, Hamard P. Nonpenetrating filtering surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002 Apr;13(2):110-115.
  128. Zimmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Ford VJ, Olander KW, Mandlekorn RM, Rawlings EF, Leader BJ, Koskan AJ. Trabeculectomy vs nonpenetrating trabeculectomy: a retrospective study of two procedures in phakic patients with glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 1984 Sep;15(9):734-739.
  129. Johnstone MA, Grant WM. Microsurgery of Schlemm's canal and the human aqueous outflow system. Am J Ophthalmol 1973 Dec;76(6):906-917.
  130. Mermoud A. Sinusotomy and deep sclerectomy. Eye (Lond) 2000 Jun;14(Pt 3B):531-535.
  131. Rossier A, Uffer S, Mermoud A. Aqueous dynamics in experimental ab externo trabeculectomy. Ophthalmic Res 2000 Jul-Aug;32(4):165-171.
  132. Koslov VI, Bag rov SN, An isimova SY, Osipov AV, Mogilevtsev VV. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy with collagen. Eye Microsurgery 1990;1:44-46.
  133. Vaudaux J, Mermoud A. Aqueous humor dynamics in non-penetrating filtering surgery. Ophthalmol Pract 1998;38(4):S1064.
  134. Sourdille P, Santiago PY, Villain F, Yamamichi M, Tahi H, Parel JM, Ducournau Y. Reticulated hyaluronic acid implant in nonperforating trabecular surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999 Mar;25(3):332-339.
  135. Demailly P, Lavat P, Kretz G, Jeanteur-Lunel MN. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) with or without collagen device (CD) in primary open-angle glaucoma: middle-term retrospective study. Int Ophthalmol 1996- 1997;20(1-3):131-140.
  136. Hamard P, Plaza L, Kopel, Quesnot S, Hamard H. Deep nonpenetrating sclerectomy and open-angle glaucoma. Intermediate results from the first operated patients. [Sclerectomie profonde non perforante (SPNP) et glaucome à angle ouvert. Résultats à moyen terme des premiers patients opérés. J Fr Ophtalmol 1999 Feb;22(1):25-31. (Fre).
  137. Bechetoille A. External trabeculectomy with aspiration: surgical technique. J Fr Ophtalmol 1999 Aug-Sep;22(7):743-748. (Fre).
  138. Hamard P, Sourdille P, Valtot F, Baudouin C. Evaluation of confocal microscope in the analysis of the external trabecular membrane during deep nonpenetrating sclerectomy. An. J Fr Ophtalmol 2001 Jan;24(1):29-35. (Fre).
  139. Massy J, Gruber D, Muraine G, Brasseur G. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy in the surgical treatment of chronic openangle glaucoma: mid term results. J Fr Ophthalmol 1999 Apr; 22(3):292-298.
  140. Dahan E, Drusedau MU. Nonpenetrating filtration surgery for glaucoma: control by surgery only. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000 May;26(5):695-701.
  141. El Sayyad F, Helal M, El Kholify H, Khalil M, El-Maghraby A. Nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy versus trabeculectomy in bilateral open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2000 Sep; 107(9):1671-1674.
  142. Stegmann R, Pienaar A, Miller D. Viscocanalostomy for openangle glaucoma in black African patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999 Mar;25(3):316-322.
  143. Sanchez E, Schnyder CC, Sickenberg M, Chiou AGY, Hediguer SEA, Mermoud A. Deep sclerectomy: results with and without collagen implant. Int Ophthalmol 1997;20(1-3):157-162.
  144. Mermoud A, Schnyder CC. Nonpenetrating filtering surgery in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2000 Apr;11(2):151-157.
  145. Smit BA, Johnstone MA. Effects of viscocanalostomy on the histology of Schlemm's canal in primate eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41(4):S578.
  146. Roters S, Lüke C, Jonescu-Cuypers CP, Engels BF, Jacobi PC, Konen W, Krieglstein GK. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and its value in predicting the long-term outcome of viscocanalostomy. Br J Ophthalmol 2002 Sep;86(9):997-1001.
  147. Smit BA, Johnstone MA. Effects of viscoelastic injection into Schlemm's canal in primate and human eyes: potential relevance to viscocanalostomy. Ophthalmology 2002 Apr; 109(4):786-792.
  148. Tamm ER, Carassa RG, Albert DM, Gabelt BT, Patel S, Rasmussen CA, Kaufman PL. Viscocanalostomy in rhesus monkeys. Arch Ophthalmol 2004 Dec;122(12):1826-1838.
  149. Mandic Z, Saric D, Bojic L. Visco and phacoviscocanalostomy in managing glaucoma patients. Coll Antropol 2002 Dec;26 Suppl:165-169.
  150. Mearza AA, Aslanides IM. Uses and complications of mitomycin C in ophthalmology. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007 Jan;6(1):27-32.
  151. Minckler DS, Baerveldt G, Alfaro MR, Francis BA. Clinical results with the Trabectome for treatment of open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2005 Jun;112(6):962-967.
  152. Francis BA, See RF, Rao NA, Minckler DS, Baerveldt G. Ab interno trabeculectomy: development of a novel device (Trabectome) and surgery for open -angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2006 Feb;15(1):68-73.
  153. Minckler D, Mosaed S, Dustin L, Ms BF. Trabectome Study Group. Trabectome (trabeculectomy-internal approach): additional experience and extended follow-up. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2008;106:149-160.
  154. Spiegel D, Wetzel W, Neuhann T, Stuermer J, Hoeh H, Garcia-Feijoo J, Martinez-De-La-Casa JM, Garcia-Sanchez J. Coexistent primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract: interim analysis of a trabecular micro-bypass stent and concurrent cataract surgery. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009 May- Jun;19(3):393-399.
  155. Spiegel D, García-Feijoó J, García-Sánchez J, Lamielle H. Coexistent primary open-angle glaucoma and cataract: preliminary analysis of treatment by cataract surgery and the iStent trabecular micro-bypass stent. Adv Ther 2008 May;25(5):453-464.
  156. Zhou J, Smedley G. A trabecular bypass flow hypothesis. J Glaucoma 2005 Feb;14(1):74-83.
  157. Mastropasqua L, Agnifili L, Ciancaglini M, Nubile M, Carpineto P, Fasanella V, Figus M, Lazzeri S, Nardi M. In vivo analysis of conjunctiva in gold micro shunt implantation for glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2010 Dec;94(12):1592-1596.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.